My last blog, Flowers

Photo

Well, flowers are a part of reproduction in angiosperms.  Angiosperms use flowers, fruit and pollen to reproduce by doing a process called pollination and fertilization.

Pollination means to move pollen from a stamen of a flower to a pistil of a another flower. Fertilization is giving the egg all it needs to turn into a seed. Gymnosperms use male and female cones and pollen to reproduce.  They also use pollination and fertilization.

Pollen is moved to different flowers is by using pollinators. Pollinators are usually small animals for flowers like insects, birds and bats.

They move the pollen by going to a flower for nectar, then the anther of that flower will brush up against the pollinator and will release pollen on to it. It will then go to another flower for more nectar. The stigma of a flower will come and collect the pollen off the pollinator to the flower's egg to become a seed.

The stamen, which is a male reproduction part, holds pollen or male sex cells but the stamen has two sections in it. One is the anther. They're the top part of the stamen and they release the pollen during pollination. The other parts are the filaments and they support the anthers.

Photo 

The pistil is the female reproduction part and it has four sections.   In it, one is the stigma and it collects pollen during pollination with its sticky tip. The second one is the ovary. It holds the flower's eggs for pollination and fertilization.

The third one is the style. It's the tube the pollen goes down to the ovule to turn the flower's egg into a seed. The fourth one is the ovule. It produces the egg in pollination and fertilization.

Photo

Three methods of seed dispersal are wind, animals, and water.  A lot of plants use wind to move their seeds some where else.  Plants also use animals to move their seeds by putting their seeds in fruit, then an animal will come and take it somewhere else. Plants use water to move their seeds some where else.

My favorite flower is the rose.  They're 100 species of roses. To protect themselves from small animals, some have small, sharp, thorny prickles.

Most roses are in Asia, but people use roses for different reasons.  Roses can be put into jelly, jam and marmalade and is used in skin products. They are also used in vitamin C.  Roses can be up to 7 meters tall.  The word rose came from the French.

Bye, that's really the end of my blog.

Seed plants

Photo

Many seed plants have a way of getting all the food, water and nutrients they need by transporting it through vascular tissue.

The vascular tissue that transports food through a plant from its leaves to its roots is called the phloem. The part that transports water and nutrients through a plant from the leaves is called the xylem.

They are 300,000 species of seed plants and there are two groups of seed plants.  The are called gymnosperms and angiosperms.

The gymnosperms reproduce their seeds by using cones which hold the seeds and drop on the ground. They are also the oldest trees. Some species of gymnosperms are conifers, ginkgoes, cycads and gnetophytes.

Photo

Angiosperms hold their seeds in fruit and get animals to take them away so plants won't grow under them and fight over nutrients.

They are most of the plant species. There are two classes of angiosperms called monocots and dicots.  Monocots have one seed leaf in it's seed and dicots have two.

Photo

People get a lot resources from seed plants like building material, paint, soap medicine, rubber, oil, clothing and oxygen. Seeds have embryos in them and the plant makes food, water and nutrients to keep in the seed so the embryo can grow.

Seeds are what give seed plants the ability to survive on land away from lots of water and also what gives them the ability to survive really dry or cold environments.

Bye! That's the end of my blog.

Plants

Photo

Hey! Today I'm talking about plants.  All plants are green. The substance that makes them green is called chlorophyll. This is stored in containers called chloroplasts, which also changes energy from the sun into nutrients in each plant cell.

Each plant cell has a cell wall which helps maintain its structure.  It is made of cellulose which prevents some plants from drying out.  Plants also have a chamber to store leftover nutrients called a vacuole.

There is also the nucleus of the plant cell. It sends messages through the plant cell and puts everything in place. These functions are called organelles. There are also about 285,000 species of plants.

Photo

The difference between vascular and non-vascular plants is that vascular plants, like trees, have roots.  They can also move resources through them and can grow branches.

Photo

Non-vascular plants, like mosses and algae, don't have roots, can't move lots of resources through them, and can't grow branches.  Non-vascular plants came earlier then vascular plants. Then plants evolved and made vascular plants.

Photo

Plants have also adapted to living on land by getting different ways of protection and support to survive environments on land.  An example is how cactus have thorns to not be eaten by animals and to store water for nutrients. 

Photo

The first plants came from the sea and adapted to land over time.  It takes a long time for different types of plants to adapt to different environments, but they have adapted to survive powerful environments.

Mosses were one of the first plants to come from the sea.  They come from a group called bryophytes.  They can live in any continent and since they don't have roots, they absorb water and nutrients through their leaves.

Mosses usually live on forest floors. There are 12,000 species of moss and they also have rhizoids, which allow them to absorb water through their leaves. Rhizoids also let mosses survive without getting that much sun.

Bye that's the end of my blog.

The science fair

                                                                                Photo

Well, the Science Fair took a long time to work on for me, but in the end it turned out good.  Now first, before I started on my Science Fair board, I needed to find out my topic by looking at everyday questions.

Once I found my topic which was "Can different types of foods create electricity", I had to build a hypothesis for it. That means I had to answer the question, then put why I thought that was the answer.

Also, I chose that topic because I was interested in electricity and wanted to create it.  When I put my hypothesis, I had to do some research about what question I was trying to find the answer to.

Now, the next thing I had to do for the Science Fair is to put the materials and procedure. That means I had to put the things I used to do my experiments and put how to do the experiment.  At first I didn't have the right materials, but I borrowed a voltmeter from my uncle who is an electrician.

Photo

Photo

Photo

Photo

The experiment got messy, but in the end I got the right results and did the right research to answer questions like, "What type of acids did all of my foods that I experimented on have?" The orange and lemon had citric acid, the zucchini had pantothenic acid and the potato had phosphoric acid.

Then, after I took pictures while I did the experiment, I wrote all of the results, hypothesis and other research down. Once I did that I had enough information to write my conclusion which is using the scientific method.

Photo

After I did my conclusion, I had enough information and pictures to start my display board. It took a long time to put all the information and pictures on there,but once I did that I had to put the title of the project on the board.

I also found out that if you had enough foods with a lot of acid and connected them with copper and zinc wires, someone would be able to power a really big electricity source.

After that I rehearsed presenting to the judges. I was really good at it, but I didn't want them to ask a lot of questions, so I rehearsed that too.

Photo

When it was time to present our Science Fair projects and while I was waiting for the Judges, I thought of ways of doing my presentation and to speak clearly.

When I was done I did good by speaking clearly, looking at the judge instead of reading off the board, explaining it clearly and thought the Science Fair was a good experience.

Bye that's the end of my blog.

Mammals

Hey ,yeah I'm talking about mammals.  Mammals have mammary glands, that's what they use to feed their young milk.  Some mammals are monotremes like platypuses, sweat milk to feed they're young.

Mammals also have hair, backbones, breathe air, are warm blooded and have mammary glands.  Mammals are similar to birds because they both have back bones, breathe air and are warmblooded.  The difference is  birds don't have fur or mammary glands.

Placental mammals give live birth and feed their babies with milk. They also are the biggest group of mammals.

Monotremes lay eggs, sweat milk and they have different types of defenses.  The platypus has a poisonous tip on the side of their feet that they put in to predators when threatened.  Spiny anteaters roll in balls and protect themselves with the sharp points on their back.

Marsupials have pouches and leave babies in them while feeding them milk until they develop.  Mammals can also adapt to different environments by using their healthy body systems to stay active and survive.

                                                   My favorite mammal is the jaguar.

It is the only big cat that lives in the Americas and they live in rain forests.  They're near extinct and are relatives of the leopard.  They also live in large habitats and have a bite hard enough to go through a turtles shell.

The jaguar can weigh up to 211 lbs. and can have a length that's 6ft 4in. Jaguars also climb trees to pounce on their prey and eat large animals like bulls.  They also live mostly in south america and they use their fur color for camouflage.  They have adapted to swimming and eating fish.

Bye that's the end of my blog.

John F. Kennedy and the civil rights movement

                                                             http://www.loc.gov

In the civil rights movement there were a lot of great people, but the one I'm talking about is John F. Kennedy.  He was a big part in the civil rights movement, he was one of the reasons African Americans we're treated equally.  He helped by giving African Americans federal jobs and ended home discrimination by allowing African Americans to buy better houses in the 1960s.

0

                                                             wikimedia.org

He also helped end bus discrimination by saying that African Americans could sit where they want.  He enforced laws against voter discrimination by motivating African Americans to register to vote and making proposals for African Americans that lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

He also helped end education discrimination by enforcing the law of putting whites and African Americans in the same school.  He also helped end racial discrimination and thought all people should be equally treated.

A lot of African Americans didn't have as much power as other people, but because of John F. Kennedy every person today has rights. When I went to a history center I learned a lot of African American history like how a lot of blacks helped fight in the civil war and how there was a lot of people who helped in the civil rights movement.

                                                                thinkquest.org

He also made proposals that lead to something called the Civil Rights Act of 1964.  His civil rights proposals became law under the act and one of them was saying that all people should have equal access to public places.

Bye that's the end of my blog.

birds

There's been a lot of animals I've talked about.  Now I'm talking about birds.  As you probably know, birds have feathers, but there are other special things about them like how they have two types of feathers.  They're called contour and down feathers.  Contour feathers are what make birds look smooth, sleek and colorful.  Down feathers give a layer of protection from a bird's skin and  keep birds warm.

Birds are also warm blooded or endothermic and their body temperature stays the same.  Each one of a birds' feathers is connected by hooks, so if one of their feathers get ruffled, they connect it back with the others.  Birds also constantly breathe through their air sacs to make them lighter and fly easier.

They also don't have any teeth, so they use their beak to tear the prey apart.  Some birds might not have beaks, so instead they have bills.   Water birds have these.  Bird's bones are hollow because if they weren't, they would be too heavy to fly.

They also have curved wings so air can lift them up from below. Also Georgia's, official state bird is the Brown Thrasher.

My favorite bird is the Peregrine Falcon. They can fly up to 202 mph and are also raptors.  That means they hunt other animals.

They eat mammals, reptiles and insects by diving through the sky and catching them by surprise.  They used to be endangered because of DDT, but they're not endangered any more.  DDT contaminated all of their food and put chemicals in lakes and plants.

They can live anywhere except polar regions, high mountains and tropical rain forests. It's also the fastest flying animal in the world. They live on scrapes or cliffs.

Bye that's my blog